A statutory or constitutional provision relating to property tax has no application to a license fee required to be paid before an automobile may be operated on the public highways;  the latter being an "occupation, privilege, or excise tax."
State v. Collins (1917) 94 Wash. 310

A classification of motor vehicles, based on whether they are used for business or commercial purposes, or merely kept for pleasure or family use, a license fee being imposed in one case and not in the other, is a proper one.
Ohio - Fisher Bros. Co. v. Brown, 146 N.E. 100, III Ohio St. 602.

The state has the authority to regulate the use of public highways for business purposes.
Morel v. Railroad Commission of California (1938) 11 Cal.2d 488

TRAFFIC.  Commerce; trade; sale or exchange of merchandise, bills, money, and the like.  
The passing of goods or commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money. 
Senior v. Ratterman, 44 Ohio St. 673, 11 N.E. 321; Fine v. Moran, 74 Fla. 417, 77 So. 533, 538;
Bruno v. U.S., C.C.A.Mass., 289 F. 649, 655; Kroger Grocery and Baking Co. V. Schwer, 36 Ohio App.
512, 173 N.E. 633.   The subjects of transportation on a route, as persons or goods; the passing to and
fro of persons, animals, vehicles, or vessels, along a route of transportation, as a long a street, canal etc. 
United States v. Golden Gate Bridge and Highway Dist. of California , D.C.Cal., 37 F. Supp. 505, 512.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p. 1667

INTERSTATE COMMERCE.  Traffic, intercourse, commercial trading, or the transportation of
persons or property between or among the several states of the Union, or from between points in one
state and points in another state; commerce between the states, or between places in different states.  
It comprehends all the component parts of commercial intercourse between different states. [Cites omitted]
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p. 955

Traffic - Webster's Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia, International Illustrated Edition (1960)
   
        1. Business or trade, commerce.  2. Transportation.  3. The movement of vehicles on street or
highway, as, the traffic is very heavy today.

CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE

        484d.  As used in this section and Sections 484e to 484j, inclusive:  

 
CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES CODE

    208.  "Transportation of persons" includes every service in connection with or incidental to the safety, comfort, or convenience of the person transported and the receipt, carriage, and delivery of such person and his baggage.
   
    209.  "Transportation of property" includes every service in connection with or incidental to the transportation of property, including in particular its receipt, delivery, elevation, transfer, switching, carriage, ventilation, refrigeration, icing, dunnage, storage, and handling, and the transmission of credit by express corporations.
   
    211.  "Common carrier" means every person and corporation providing transportation for compensation to or for the public or any portion thereof, except as otherwise provided in this part.
       "Common carrier" includes:
       (a) Every railroad corporation; street railroad corporation; dispatch, sleeping car, dining car, drawing-room car, freight, freightline, refrigerator, oil, stock, fruit, car-loaning, car-renting, car-loading, and every other car corporation or person operating for compensation within this state.
       (b) Every corporation or person, owning, controlling, operating, or managing any vessel used in the transportation of persons or property for compensation between points upon the inland waters of this state or upon the high seas between points within this state, except as provided in Section 212.  "Inland waters" as used in this section includes all navigable waters within this state other than the high seas.
       (c) Every "passenger stage corporation" operating within this state.
   
    214.5.  With respect to a motor vehicle used in the transportation of passengers for compensation by a passenger stage corporation, "owner" means the corporation or person who is registered with the Department of Motor Vehicles as the owner of the vehicle, or who has a legal right to possession of the vehicle pursuant to a lease or rental agreement.   


CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES CODE
DIVISION 2.  REGULATION OF RELATED BUSINESSES BY THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION
CHAPTER 1.  INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN MOTOR CARRIERS OF HOUSEHOLD
GOODS AND PASSENGERS ACT
Article 1.  General Provisions

    3950.  It is a violation of law for any person or corporation to operate, or cause to be operated, on the highways of this state, any motor vehicle in the transportation of property or passengers for compensation in interstate commerce without having first complied with the requirements of this chapter.  That violation may be prosecuted and punished as provided in Section 16560 of the Vehicle Code.

CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES CODE

    4000.  This chapter may be cited as the Private Carriers of Passengers Registration Act.
   
    4001.  (a) For purposes of this chapter, "private carrier" means a not-for-hire motor carrier, as defined in Section 408 of the Vehicle Code, who transports passengers and is required to obtain a carrier identification number pursuant to Section 34507.5 of the Vehicle Code, but does not include persons providing transportation services specified in subdivision (k) or (l) of Section 5353.
                (b) For purposes of this chapter, "department" means the Department of the California Highway Patrol.

CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES CODE

    5101.  This chapter may be cited as the "Household Goods Carriers Act."
   
    5102.  The use of the public highways for the transportation of used household goods and personal effects for compensation is a business affected with a public interest.   It is the purpose of this chapter to preserve for the public the full benefit and use of public highways consistent with the needs of commerce without unnecessary congestion or wear and tear upon such highways;  to secure to the people just, reasonable and nondiscriminatory rates for
    transportation by carriers operating upon the highways;  and to secure full and unrestricted flow of traffic by motor carriers over the highways which will adequately meet reasonable public demands by providing for the regulation of rates of all carriers so that adequate and dependable service by all necessary carriers shall be maintained and the full use of the highways preserved to the public.

    5108.  "Motor vehicle" means every motor truck, tractor, or other self-propelled vehicle used for transportation of property over the public highways, otherwise than upon fixed rails or tracks, and any trailer, semitrailer, dolly, or other vehicle drawn thereby.
   
    5109.  "Household goods carrier" includes every corporation or person, their lessees, trustee, receivers or trustees appointed by any court whatsoever, engaged in the transportation for compensation or hire as a business by means of a motor vehicle or motor vehicles being used in the transportation of used household goods and personal effects over any public highway in this state.

    5110.5.  With respect to a motor vehicle used in the transportation of property for compensation by a household goods carrier, "owner" means the corporation  or person who is registered with the Department of Motor Vehicles as the owner of the vehicle, or who has
    a legal right to possession of the vehicle pursuant to a lease or rental agreement.
   
    5112.  The regulation of the transportation of used household goods and personal effects in a motor vehicle or motor vehicles over any public highway in this state shall be exclusively as provided in this chapter.   Any provision of the Public Utilities Act in conflict with the provisions of this chapter does not apply to a household goods carrier.
   
    5352.  The use of the public highways for the transportation of passengers for compensation is a business affected with a public interest.   It is the purpose of this chapter to preserve for the public full benefit and use of public highways consistent with the needs of commerce without unnecessary congestion or wear and tear upon the highways; to secure to the people adequate and dependable transportation by carriers operating upon the highways; to secure full and unrestricted flow of traffic by motor carriers over the highways which will adequately meet reasonable public demands by providing for the regulation of all transportation agencies with respect to accident indemnity so that adequate and dependable service by all necessary transportation agencies shall be maintained and the full use of the highways preserved to the public; and to promote carrier and public safety through its safety enforcement regulations.
   
    5353.  This chapter does not apply to any of the following:
       (a) Transportation service rendered wholly within the corporate limits of a single city or city and county and licensed or regulated by ordinance.
       (b) Transportation of school pupils conducted by or under contract with the governing board of any school district entered into pursuant to the Education Code.
       (c) Common carrier transportation services between fixed termini or over a regular route which are subject to authorization pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 1031) of Chapter 5 of Part 1 of Division 1.
       (d) Transportation services occasionally afforded for farm employees moving to and from farms on which employed when the transportation is performed by the employer in an owned or leased vehicle, or by a nonprofit agricultural cooperative association organized and acting within the scope of its powers under Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 54001) of Division 20 of the Food and Agricultural Code, and without any requirement for the payment of
    compensation therefor by the employees.
       (e) Transportation service rendered by a publicly owned transit system.
       (f) Passenger vehicles carrying passengers on a noncommercial enterprise basis.
       (g) Taxicab transportation service licensed and regulated by a city or county, by ordinance or resolution, rendered in vehicles designed for carrying not more than eight persons excluding the driver.
       (h) Transportation of persons between home and work locations or of persons having a common work-related trip purpose in a vehicle having a seating capacity of 15 passengers or less, including the driver, which are used for the purpose of ridesharing, as defined in Section 522 of the Vehicle Code, when the ridesharing is incidental to another purpose of the driver.  This exemption also applies to a vehicle having a seating capacity of more than 15 passengers if the driver files with the commission evidence of liability insurance protection in the same amount and in the same manner as required for a passenger stage corporation, and the vehicle undergoes and passes an annual safety inspection by the Department of the California
    Highway Patrol.   The insurance filing shall be accompanied by a one-time filing fee of seventy-five dollars ($75). This exemption does not apply if the primary purpose for the transportation of those persons is to make a profit.  "Profit," as used in this subdivision, does not include the recovery of the actual costs incurred in owning and operating a vanpool vehicle, as defined in Section 668 of the Vehicle Code.
       (i) Medical transportation vehicles, including vehicles employed to transport developmentally disabled persons for regional centers established pursuant to Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 4620) of Division 4.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.
       (j) Transportation services rendered solely within the Lake Tahoe Basin, comprising that area included within the Tahoe Regional Planning Compact as set forth in Section 66801 of the Government Code, when the operator of the services has obtained any permit required from the Tahoe Basin Transportation Authority or the City of South Lake Tahoe, or both.
       (k) Subject to Section 34507.6 of the Vehicle Code, transportation service provided by the operator of an automobile rental business in vehicles owned or leased by that operator, without charge other than as may be included in the automobile rental charges, to carry its customers to or from its office or facility where rental vehicles are furnished or returned after the rental period.
       (l) Subject to Section 34507.6 of the Vehicle Code, transportation service provided by the operator of a hotel, motel, or other place of temporary lodging in vehicles owned or leased by that operator, without charge other than as may be included in the charges for lodging, between the lodging facility and an air, rail, water, or bus passenger terminal or between the lodging facility and any place of entertainment or commercial attraction, including, but not limited to, facilities providing snow skiing.  Nothing in this subdivision authorizes the operator of a hotel, motel, or other place of temporary lodging to provide any round-trip sightseeing service without a permit, as required by subdivision (c) of Section 5384.
       (m) (1) Transportation of hot air balloon ride passengers in a balloon chase vehicle from the balloon landing site back to the original take-off site, provided that the balloon ride was conducted by a balloonist who meets all of the following conditions:
       (A) Does not fly more than a total of 30 passenger rides for compensation annually.
       (B) Does not provide any preflight ground transportation services in their vehicles.
       (C) In providing return transportation to the launch site from landing does not drive more than 300 miles annually.
       (D) Files with the commission an exemption declaration and proof of vehicle insurance, as prescribed by the commission, certifying that the operator qualifies for the exemption and will maintain minimum insurance on each vehicle of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) for injury or death of one person, three hundred thousand dollars ($300,000) for injury or death of two or more persons and one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) for damage to property.
       (2) Nothing in this subdivision authorizes the operator of a commercial balloon operation to provide any round-trip sightseeing service without a permit, as required by subdivision (c) of Section 5384.
       (n) (1) Transportation services incidental to operation of a youth camp that are provided by either a nonprofit organization that qualifies for tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code or an organization that operates an organized camp, as defined in Section 18897 of the Health and Safety Code, serving youth 18 years of age or younger.
       (2) Any transportation service described in paragraph (1) shall comply with all of the following requirements:
       (A) Register as a private carrier with the commission pursuant to Section 4005.
       (B) Participate in a pull notice system for employers of drivers as prescribed in Section 1808.1 of the Vehicle Code.
       (C) Ensure compliance with the annual bus terminal inspection required by subdivision (c) of Section 34501 of the Vehicle Code.
       (D) Obtain the following minimum amounts of general liability insurance coverage for vehicles that are used to transport youth:
       (i) A minimum of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) general liability insurance coverage for passenger vehicles designed to carry up to eight passengers.  For organized camps, as defined in Section 18897 of the Health and Safety Code, an additional two hundred fifty thousand dollars ($250,000) general umbrella policy that covers vehicles.
       (ii) A minimum of one million  dollars ($1,000,000) general liability insurance coverage for vehicles designed to carry up to 15 passengers.  For organized camps, as defined in Section 18897 of the Health and Safety Code, an additional five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) general umbrella policy that covers vehicles.
       (iii) A minimum of one million five hundred thousand dollars ($1,500,000) general liability insurance coverage for vehicles designed to carry more than 15 passengers, and an additional three million five hundred thousand dollars ($3,500,000) general umbrella liability insurance policy that covers vehicles.
   
    24505.  "Transit" means the transportation of passengers and their incidental baggage by any means.
   
    99209.5.  "Operates" for purposes of Sections 99209 and 99215, and "operation" for purposes of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 99289, mean that the operator owns or leases the equipment, establishes routes and frequency of service, regulates and collects fares, and otherwise controls the efficiency and quality of the operation of the system, but does not require that operators of rolling stock be employees of a public agency.

    99210.  "Operator" means any transit district, included transit district, municipal operator, included municipal operator, or transit development board.
   
    100012.  "Transit" means the transportation of passengers and their incidental baggage by any means, and includes rapid transit.
   
    161000.  (a) The Legislature finds and declares as follows:

                   (b) It is, therefore, the intent of the Legislature in enacting this division to vest in the Department of Transportation responsibility for implementing a program of transportation right-of-way protection and conservation within essential transportation corridors by acquiring and holding transportation corridor lands which would otherwise be lost to public use.
                   (c) It is the further intent of the Legislature in enacting this division to preserve land which is needed or will be needed for transportation corridors consistent with applicable environmental protection laws and regulations.

STATUTES OF CALIFORNIA 1955

Chapter 1905

 (a) Any person transporting his own property in a motor vehicle owned or operated by him unless he makes a specific charge for the transportation.
 (f) Any registered owner of a pleasure vehicle who, while operating the vehicle, transports persons to his work or to a place through which he passes on the way to his work, whether for or without compensation, if he is not in the business of furnishing such transportation.
Stats. 1955, ch. 1905, p. 3515 - 3516.

WORDS

ABANDONMENT.   The surrender, relinquishment, disclaimer, or cession of property or of rights.

Deviation from route, Loper v. Morrison, 145 P.2d 4, 23 Cal.2d 600; truck driver unnecessarily permitting passenger to drive, Ginther v. J. P. Graham Transfer Co., 33 A. 2d 923, 924, 348 Pa. 60. Contra where truck driver remained on driver's seat, directing operation of truck, and watched passenger's driving, Ginther v. J. P. Graham Transfer Co., 27 A.2d 712, 714, 149 Pa.Super. 635;  and where truck driver became sick, Matzek v. United Storage & Trucking Co., 186 A. 193, 122 Pa.Super. 146.   Truck drivers becoming intoxicated and remaining from
work, Naylon v. State, Ct.C1., 40 N.Y.S.2d 587, 590;  Coal miner contrary to orders, riding on an empty car, Soroka v. Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., 138 Pa.Super. 296, 10 A.2d.904, 907.   But automobile driver's choosing longer route by paved highways to pick up a needed change of clothing at home did not constitute an "abandonment" of his employment. Mitchell v. Mitchell Drilling Co., 154 Kan. 117, 114 P.2d 841, 844.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. 1951, p. 9 & 11

AUTO LIVERY SERVICE.   The business of furnishing for hire an automobile with a chauffeur,
the car to be driven where the hirer directs.   The term is also applied to the business of leasing
driverless cars. See Collette v. Page, 44 R.I. 26, 114 A. 136, 18 A.L.R. 74.  See Automobile; Drive it Yourself Cars.

AUTO STAGE.   A motor vehicle used for the purpose of carrying passengers, baggage, or
freight on a regular schedule of time and rates.  State v. Ferry Line Auto Bus Co., 99 Wash. 64,
168 P. 893, 894.  See Automobile.

AUTOMOBILE.   A vehicle for the transportation of persons or property on the highway, carrying its own motive power and not operated upon fixed tracks. 
Blashfield's Cyclopedia of Automobile Law, vol. 1, c. 1, § 2.

Etymologically, the term might include any self-propelled vehicle, as an electric street car, or a motor boat, but in popular and legal usage it is confined to a vehicle for the transportation of persons or property on terrestrial highways, carrying its own motive power and not operated
upon fixed tracks.   Bethlehem Motors Corporation v. Flynt, 178 N.C. 399, 100 S.E. 693, 694. Synonymous with "motor vehicle." State v. Ferry Line Auto Bus Co., 99 Wash. 64, 168 P. 893, 894.   "Car" as substitute or synonym. Monroe's Adm'r v. Federal Union Life Ins. Co., 251 Ky. 570, 65 S.W.2d 680, 681.   Taxicabs included. Navy Gas & Supply Co. v. Schoech, 105 Colo. 374, 98 P.2d 860, 864, 126 A.L.R. 1225.   Trolley vehicles or trolley busses excluded. City of Dayton v. Lie Brosse, 62 Ohio St. 232, 23 N.E.2d 647, 650.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. 1951, p. 169 - 170

BACK-SEAT DRIVER.   A highly nervous passenger whether sitting in rear or by driver, who by unwarranted advice and warnings interferes in careful operation of automobile. Winters v. York Motor Express Co., 116 Pa.Super. 421, 176 A. 812, 815.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. 1951, p. 175

BOB-TAIL DRIVER.   A person collecting and delivering laundry without being subject to complete control of employer. Ring v. City Dry Cleaners, Fla., 152 Fla. 622, 12 So.2d 593, 594.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. 1951, p. 220

CAR'RIER, n. [See Carry.]   One who carries; that which carries or conveys ; also a messenger.
2. One who is employed to carry goods for others for a reward; also, one whose occupation
is to carry goods for others, called a common carrier; a porter-
Webster’s Dictionary, 1828 (no page numbers provided in original)

CARRY:   Carrying trade, the trade which consists in the transportation of goods by water from
country to country, or place to place.
Webster’s Dictionary, 1828 (no page numbers provided in original)

CARRIERS, contracts.   There are two kinds of carriers, namely, common carriers, (q.v.) who have been considered under another head; and private carriers.   These latter are persons who, although they do not undertake to transport the goods of such as choose to employ them, yet agree to carry the goods of some particular person for hire, from one place to another.
    2. In such case the carrier incurs no responsibility beyond that of any other ordinary bailee for hire, that is to say, the responsibility of ordinary diligence. 2 Bos. & Pull. 417; 4 Taunt. 787; Selw. N. P. 382 n.; 1 Wend. R. 272; 1 Hayw. R. 14; 2 Dana, R. 430; 6 Taunt. 577; Jones, Bailm. 121; Story on Bailm, Sec. 495. But in Gordon v. Hutchinson, 1 Watts & Serg.
285, it was holden that a Wagoner Who carries goods for hire, contracts, the responsibility of a common carrier, whether transportation be his principal and direct business, or only an occasional and incidental employment.
    3. To bring a person within the description of a common carrier, he must exercise his business as a public employment; he must undertake to carry goods for persons generally; and he must hold himself out as ready to engage in the transportation of goods for hire, as a business; not as a casual occupation pro hac vice. 1 Salk. 249; 1 Bell's Com. 467; 1 Hayw. R.
14; 1 Wend. 272; 2, Dana, R. 430. See Bouv. Inst. Index, b. t.
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856, p. 14

COMMON CARRIER, contracts.   One who undertakes for hire or reward to transport the goods of any who may choose to employ him, from place to place. 1 Pick. 50, 53; 1 Salk. 249, 250; Story, Bailm. Sec. 495 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 1020.
    2.  Common carriers are generally of two descriptions, namely, carriers by land and carriers by water.   Of the former description are the proprietors of stage coaches, stage wagons or expresses, which ply between different places, and' carry goods for hire; and truckmen, teamsters, cartmen, and porters, who undertake to carry goods for hire, as a common employment, from one part of a town or city to another, are also considered as common carriers.   Carriers by water are the masters and owners of ships and steamboats engaged in the transportation of goods for persons generally, for hire and lightermen, hoymen, barge-owners, ferrymen, canal boatmen, and others employed in like manner, are so considered.
    3.  By the common law, a common carrier is generally liable for all losses which may occur to property entrusted to his charge in the course of business, unless he can prove the loss happened in consequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the United States, or by the act of the owner of the property. 8 S. & R. 533; 6 John. R. 160; 11 John. R. 107; 4 N. H. Rep.
304; Harp. R. 469; Peck. R. 270; 7 Yerg. R. 340; 3 Munf. R. 239; 1 Conn. R. 487; 1 Dev. & Bat. 273; 2 Bail. Rep. 157.
    4.  It was attempted to relax the rigor of the common law in relation to carriers by water, in 6 Cowen, 266; but that case seems to be at variance with other decisions. 2 Kent,. Com. 471, 472; 10 Johns. 1; 11 Johns. 107.
5.  In respect to carriers by land, the rule of the common law seems every where admitted in its full rigor in the states governed by the jurisprudence of the common law. Louisiana follows the doctrine of the civil law in her code.   Proprietors of stage coaches or wagons, whose employment is solely to carry passengers, as hackney coachmen, are not deemed common carriers;  but if the proprietors of such vehicles for passengers, also carry goods for hire, they are, in respect of such goods, to be deemed common carriers. Bac. Ab. Carriers, A;  2 Show. Rep. 128 1 Salk. 282 Com. Rep. 25; 1 Pick. 50 5 Rawle, 1 79.   The like reasoning applies to packet ships and steam-boats, which ply between different ports, and are accustomed to carry merchandise as well as passengers. 2 Watts. R. 443; 5 Day's Rep. 415; 1 Conn. R. 54; 4 Greenl. R. 411; 5 Yerg. R. 427; 4 Har. & J. 291; 2 Verm. R. 92; 2 Binn. Rep. 74; 1 Bay, Rep. 99; 10 John. R. 1; 11 Pick. R. 41; 8 Stew. and Port. 135; 4 Stew. & Port. 382; 3 Misso. R. 264; 2 Nott. & M. 88. But see 6 Cowen, R. 266.   The rule which makes a common carrier responsible for the loss of goods, does not extend to the carriage of persons;  a carrier of slaves is, therefore, answerable only for want of care and skill. 2 Pet. S. C. R. 150. 4 M'Cord, R. 223; 4 Port. R. 238.
    6.  A common carrier of goods is in all cases entitled to demand the price of carriage before he receives the goods, and, if not paid, he may refuse to take charge of them;  if, however, he take charge of them without the hire being paid, he may afterwards recover it. The compensation which becomes due for the carriage of goods by sea, is commonly called freight (q.v.); and see also, Abb. on Sh. part 3, c. 7.   The carrier is also entitled to a lien on the goods for his hire, which, however, he may waive; but if once waived, the right cannot be resumed. 2 Kent, Com. 497.   The consignor or shipper is commonly bound to the carrier for the hire or freight of goods. 1 T. R. 659.   But whenever the consignee engages to pay it, he also becomes responsible. It is usual in bills of lading to state, that the goods are to be delivered to the consignee or to his assigns, he or they paying freight, in which case the consignee and his assigns, by accepting the goods, impliedly become bound to pay the freight, and the fact that the consignor is also liable to pay it, will not, in such case, make any difference. Abbott on Sh. part 3, o. 7, Sec. 4.
    7.  What is said above, relates to common carriers of goods.   The duties, liabilities, and rights of carriers of passengers, are now to be considered.   These are divided into carriers of passengers on land, and carriers of passengers on water.
    8.  First, of carriers of passengers on land.   The duties of such carriers are, 1st. those which arise on the commencement of the journey.   1.  To carry passengers whenever they offer themselves and are ready to pay for their transportation.   They have no more right to refuse a passenger, if they have sufficient room and accommodation, than an innkeeper has to refuse a
guest. 3 Brod. & Bing. 54; 9 Price's R. 408; 6 Moore, R. 141; 2 Chit. R. 1; 4 Esp. R. 460; 1 Bell's Com. 462; Story, Bailm. Sec. 591.
    9. - 2.  To provide coaches reasonably strong and sufficient for the journey, with suitable horses, trappings and equipments.
    10. - 3.  To provide careful drivers of reasonable skill and. good habits for the journey; and to employ horses which are steady and not vicious, or likely to endanger the safety of the passengers.
    11. - 4.  Not to overload the coach either with passengers or luggage.
    12. - 5.  To receive and take care of the usual luggage allowed to every passenger on the journey. 6 Hill, N. Y. Rep. 586.
    13. - 2d.  Their duties on the progress of the journey. 1. To stop at the usual places, and allow the..Usual intervals for the refreshment of the passengers. 5 Petersd. Ab. Carriers, p. 48, note.
    14. - 2.  To use all the ordinary precautions for the safety of passengers on the road.
    15. - 3d.  Their duties on the termination of the journey. 1. To carry the passengers to the end of the journey.
    16. - 2.  To put them down at the usual place of stopping, unless there has been a special contract to the contrary, and then to put them down at the place agreed upon. 1 Esp. R. 27.
    17.  The liabilities of such carriers.   They are bound to use extraordinary care and diligence to carry safely those whom they take in their coaches. 2 Esp. R. 533; 2 Camp. R. 79; Peake's R. 80. But, not being insurers, they are not responsible for accidents, when all reasonable skill and diligence have been used.
    18.  The rights of such carriers.   1. To demand and receive their fare at the time the passenger takes his seat.   2. They have a lien on the baggage of the passenger for his fare or passage money, but not on the person of the passenger nor the clothes he has on. Abb. on Sh. part 3, c. 3, Sec. 11; 2 Campb. R. 631.
    19.  Second, carriers of passengers by water.   By the act of Congress of 2d March, 1819, 3 Story's Laws U. S. 1722, it is enacted, 1. that no master of a vessel bound to or from the United States shall take more than two passengers for every five tons of the ship's custom-house measurement.   2.  That the quantity of water and provisions, which shall be taken on board and secured under deck, by every Ship bound from the United States to any port on the continent of Europe, shall be sixty gallons of water, one hundred pounds of salted provisions, one gallon of vinegar, and one hundred pounds of wholesome ship bread for each passenger, besides the stores of the crew.   The tonnage here mentioned, is the measurement of the custom-house;  and in estimating the number of passengers in a vessel, no deduction is to be made for children or persons not paying, but the crew is not to be included.
Gilp. R. 334.
    20.  The act of Congress of February 22, 1847, section 1, provides:  "That if the master of any vessel, owned in whole or in part by a citizen of the United States of America, or by a citizen of any foreign country, shall take on board such vessel, at any foreign port or place, a greater number of passengers than in the following proportion to the space occupied by them and appropriated for their use, and unoccupied by stores or other goods, not being the personal luggage of such passengers, that is to say, on the lower deck or platform one passenger for every fourteen clear superficial feet of deck, if such vessel is not to pass within the tropics during such voyage;  but if such vessel is to pass within the tropics during such voyage, then one passenger for every twenty such clear superficial feet of deck, and on the orlop deck (if any) one passenger for every thirty such superficial feet in all cases, with intent to bring such passengers to the United States of America, and shall leave such port or, place with the same, and bring the same, or any number thereof, within the jurisdiction of the United States aforesaid, or if any such master of a vessel shall take on board of his vessel at any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States aforesaid, any greater number of passengers than the proportions aforesaid admit, with intent to carry the same to any foreign port or place, every such master shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof before any circuit or district court of the United States aforesaid, shall, for each passenger taken on board beyond the above proportions, be fined in the sum of fifty dollars, and may also be imprisoned for any term not exceeding one year:  Provided, That this act shall not be construed to permit any ship or vessel to carry more than two passengers to five tons of such ship or vessel."
    21.  Children under one year of age not to be computed in counting the passengers, and those over one year and under eight, are to be counted as two children for one passenger, Sect. 4. But this section is repealed so far as authorizes shippers to estimate two children of eight years of age and under as one passenger by the act of March 2, 1847, s. 2.
    22.  In New York, statutory regulations have been made in relation to their canal navigation. Vide 6 Cowen's R. 698.   As to the conduct of carrier vessels on the ocean, Vide Story, Bailm. Sec. 607 et seq;  Marsh. Ins. B. 1, c. 12, s. 2. And see, generally, 1 Vin. Ab. 219; Bac. Ab. h.t.; 1 Com. Dig. 423;  Petersd. Ab. h.t.; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.;  2 Kent, Com. 464;  16 East, 247, note; Bouv. Inst. Index, h.t.
    23.  In Louisiana carriers and watermen are subject, with respect to the safe-keeping and preservation of the things entrusted to them, to the same obligations and duties, as are imposed on tavern keepers; Civ. Code, art. 2722;  that is, they are responsible for the effects which are brought, though they were not delivered into their personal care; provided, however, they were delivered to a servant or person in their employment; art. 2937.   They are responsible if any of the effects be stolen or damaged, either by their servants or agents, or even by strangers; art. 2938; but they are not responsible for what is stolen by force of arms or with exterior breaking open of doors, or by any other extraordinary violence;  art. 2939.   For the authorities on the subject of Common carriers in the civil law, the reader is referred to Dig. 4, 9, 1 to 7;  Poth. Pand. lib. 4, t. 9; Domat liv. 1, t. 16, S. 1 and 2;  Pard. art. 537 to 555; Code Civil, art. 1782, 1786, 1952; Moreau & Carlton, Partidas 5, t. 8, 1. 26; Ersk. Inst. B. 2, t. 1, Sec. 28;  1 Bell's Com. 465; Abb. on Sh. part 3, c. 3, Sec. 3, note (1);  1 Voet, ad Pand. lib. 4, t. 9; Merl. Rep. mots Voiture, Voiturier; Dict. de Police, Voiture.
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856, p. 89 - 93

COMMON CARRIERS.   A common carrier is one whose regular business or calling it is to carry chattels for all persons who may choose to employ and remunerate him. Schouler. BaUm. 297.
    Everyone who offers to the public to carry persons, property or messages, excepting
only telegraphic messages, is a common carrier or whatever he thus offers to carry.   Civil
Cod. Cal. § 2168.
    A common carrier is one who holds himself out to the public to carry persons or freight for hire. 24 Conn. 479.
    At common law, a common carrier is an insurer of the goods intrusted to him, and be is responsible for all losses of the same, save such as are occasioned by the act of God or the public enemy. 15 Minn.279, (Gil. 208.)

    Common carriers are of two kinds, - by land, as owners of stages, stage-wagons, railroad cars, teamsters, cartmen, draymen, and porters;  and by water, as owners of ships,
steam-boats, barges, ferrymen, lightermen, and canal boatmen. 2 Kent, Comm. 597.

COMMON CARRIERS OF PASSENGERS.  Common carriers of passengers are such as undertake for hire to carryall persons indifferently who may apply for passage. Thomp. Carr. p. 26. n. § 1.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 1st Ed. 1891, p. 230 - 231

CARRIER.  One who undertakes to transport persons or property from place to place, by any means of conveyance, and with or without compensation.

Common and private carriers.   Carriers are either common or private.   Private carriers are persons who undertake for the transportation in a particular instance only, not making it their vocation, nor holding themselves out to the public as ready to act for all who desire their services. Allen v. Sackrider, 37 N. Y. 341.   To bring a person within the description of a common carrier, he must exercise it as a public employment;  be must undertake to carry goods for persons generally;  and he must hold himself out as ready to transport goods for hire, as a business, not as a casual occupation, pro hac vice.  Alexander v. Greene, 7 Hill (N. Y.) 564, Bell v. Pidgeon, (D. C.) 5 Fed. 634:  Wyatt v. Irr. Co., 1 Colo. App. 480, 29 Pac. 906. A common carrier may therefore be defined as one who, by virtue of his calling and as a regular business, undertakes for hire to transport persons or commodities from place to place, offering his services to all such as may choose to employ him and pay his charges. Iron Works v. Hurlbut, 158 N. Y. 34. 52 N. E. 665. 70 Am. St. Rep. 432: Dwight v. Brewster. 1 Pick. (Mass.) 53. 11 Am. Dec. 133;  Railroad Co. v. Waterbury Button Co., 24 Conn. 479: Fuller v. Bradley. 25 Pa. 120: McDuffee v. Railroad Co.. 52 N. H. 447, 13 Am. Rep. 72;  Piedmont Mfg. Co. v. Railroad Co., 19 S. C. 364.  By statute in several states it is declared that every one who offers to the public to carry persons, property, or messages, excepting only telegraphic messages, is a common carrier of whatever he thus offers to carry.  Civ. Code Cal. §2168; Civ. Code Mont. §2870; Rev. St. Okl. 1903 §700: Civ. Code N. D. 1903. §1899 . Common carriers are of two kinds, - by land, as owners of stages, stage-wagons, railroad cars, teamsters, cartmen, draymen, and porters: and by water, as owners of ships, steam-boats, barges, ferrymen, lightermen, and canal boatmen. 2 Kent. Comm. 597. - Common carriers of passengers.   Common carriers of passengers are such as undertake for hire to carry all persons indifferently who may apply for passage.  Gillingham v. Railroad Co.. 35 W. Va.. 588.  14 S. E. 243, 14 L. R. A. 798,  29 Am. St. Rep. 827; Electric Co. v. Simon, 20 Or. 60. 25 Pac. 147, 10 L.  R. A. 251, 23 Am. St. Rep. 86: Richmond v. Southern Pac. Co., 41 Or. 54., 67 Pac. 947, 57 L. R. A. 616, 93 Am. St. Rep. 694.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd Ed. 1910, p. 172

CARTMEN.  Carriers who transport good and merchandise in carts, usually for short distances, for hire.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd Ed. 1910, p. 173

CAR'RIER, n. [See Carry.]   One who carries; that which carries or conveys ; also a messenger. 2. One who is employed to carry goods for others for a reward; also, one whose occupation is to carry goods for others, called a common carrier; a porter-
    Webster’s Dictionary, 1828 (no page numbers provided in original)

CARRY:   Carrying trade, the trade which consists in the transportation of goods by water from country to country, or place to place.
Webster’s Dictionary, 1828 (no page numbers provided in original)
   
CARRIERS, contracts.   There are two kinds of carriers, namely, common carriers, (q.v.) who have been considered under another head; and private carriers.   These latter are persons who, although they do not undertake to transport the goods of such as choose to employ them, yet agree to carry the goods of some particular person for hire, from one place to another.
        2. In such case the carrier incurs no responsibility beyond that of any other ordinary bailee for hire, that is to say, the responsibility of ordinary diligence. 2 Bos. & Pull. 417; 4 Taunt. 787; Selw. N. P. 382 n.; 1 Wend. R. 272; 1 Hayw. R. 14; 2 Dana, R. 430; 6 Taunt. 577; Jones, Bailm. 121; Story on Bailm, Sec. 495. But in Gordon v. Hutchinson, 1 Watts & Serg.
    285, it was holden that a Wagoner Who carries goods for hire, contracts, the responsibility of a common carrier, whether transportation be his principal and direct business, or only an occasional and incidental employment.
        3. To bring a person within the description of a common carrier, he must exercise his business as a public employment; he must undertake to carry goods for persons generally; and he must hold himself out as ready to engage in the transportation of goods for hire, as a business; not as a casual occupation pro hac vice. 1 Salk. 249; 1 Bell's Com. 467; 1 Hayw. R.
    14; 1 Wend. 272; 2, Dana, R. 430. See Bouv. Inst. Index, b. t.
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856, p. 14

COMMERCIAL.  Relating to or connected with trade and traffic or commerce in general.  “Zante  Currents”, C.C.Cal.,73 F. 189.  Occupied with commerce.  Bowles v. Co-Operative G. L. F. Farm Products,  D.C.N.Y., 53 F. Supp. 413, 415.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p. 337

COMMERCE. The various agreements which have for their object facilitating trade exchange of the products of the earth or the industry of man, with an intent to realize a profit. Pard. Droit Com. n. 1. A general term including to be specific contracts of sale and exchange.
   
Commerce is the interchange or mutual change of goods, productions, or property of any kind between nations or individuals. Transportation is the means by which commerce is carried on. 45 Iowa. 838
Black’s Law Dictionary, 1st Ed. 1891
   
COMMERCE. The exchange of goods, productions, or property of any kind. Jeu Jo Wan v. Nagle, C.C.A.Cal., 9 F.2d 309, 310.
   
Intercourse by way of trade and traffic between different peoples or states and the citizens or inhabitants thereof, including not only the purchase, sale, and exchange of commodities, but also the instrumentalities and agencies by which it is promoted and the means and appliances by which it is carried on, and the transportation of persons as well as of goods, both by land and by sea. Brennan v. Titusville, 14 S.Ct. 829, 153 U.S. 289, 38 L. Ed. 719; Railroad Co. v. Fuller, 17 Wall. 568, 21 L.Ed. 710; Hoke v. United States, 33 S.Ct. 281, 283, 227 U.S. 308, 57 L.Ed. 523, 43 L.R.A.,N.S., 906, Ann.Cas.1913E, 905. Also interchange of ideas, sentiments, etc., as between man and man. U. S. v. Eason Oil Co., D.C.Okl., 8 F.Supp. 365, 368.

Commerce, in its simplest signification, means an exchange of goods; but in the advancement of society, labor, transportation, intelligence, care and various mediums of exchange, become commodities and enter into commerce; the subject, the vehicle, the agent, and their various operations become the objects of commercial regulation. Lorenzetti v. American Trust Co., D.C.Cal., 45 F.Supp. 128, 132.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. 1951

DRIVER.   One employed in conducting a coach, carriage, wagon, or other vehicle, with horses, mules, or other animals.
    2. Frequent accidents occur in consequence of the neglect or want of skill of drivers of public stage coaches, for which the employers are responsible.
    3. The law requires that a driver should possess reasonable skill and be of good habits for the journey; if, therefore, he is not acquainted with the road he undertakes to drive; 3 Bingh. Rep. 314, 321;  drives with reins so loose that he cannot govern his horses; 2 Esp. R. 533; does not give notice of any serious danger on the road; 1 Camp. R. 67; takes the wrong side of the road; 4 Esp. R. 273; incautiously comes in collision with another carriage;  1 Stark. R. 423; 1 Campb. R. 167; or does not exercise a sound and reasonable discretion in travelling on the road, to avoid dangers and difficulties, and any accident happens by which any passenger is
injured, both the driver and his employers will be responsible. 2 Stark. R. 37; 3 Engl. C. L. Rep. 233; 2 Esp. R. 533; 11. Mass. 57; 6 T. R. 659; 1 East, R. 106; 4 B. & A. 590; 6 Eng. C. L. R. 528; 2 Mc Lean, R. 157. Vide Common carriers Negligence; Quasi Offence.
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856, p 153

DRIVE, n. Passage in a carriage.
Webster’s Dictionary, 1828 (no page numbers provided in original)

DRIVER.   One employed in conducting a coach, carriage, wagon, or other vehicle, with horses, mules, or other animals.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 1st Ed. 1891, p. 395

DRIVER.   One employed in conducting a coach, carriage, wagon, or other vehicle, with horses, mules, or other animals, or a bicycle, tricycle, or motor car, though not a street railroad car.  See Davis v. Petrinovich, 112 Ala. 654, 21 South. 344. 36 L. R. A. 615: Gen. St. Conn. 1902.  §2038; Isaacs v. Railroad Co., 47 N. Y. 122. 7 Am. Rep. 418.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd Ed. 1910, p. 398

DRIVER.   One employed in conducting a coach, carriage, wagon, or other vehicle, with horses, mules, or other animals, or a bicycle, tricycle, or motor car, though not a street railroad car.  See Davis v. Petrinovich, 112 Ala. 654, 21 South. 344. 36 L. R. A. 615:  Gen. St. Conn. 1902.  §2038; Isaacs v. Railroad Co., 47 N. Y. 122. 7 Am. Rep. 418.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed. 1933, p. 622

DRIVE-IT-YOURSELF CARS.   A term used to describe automobiles which their owners, as a regular business, rent out for hire without furnishing drivers. City of Rockford v. Nolan, 316 Ill. 60, 146 N. E. 564. See, also, Welch v. Hartnett, 127 Misc. 221, 215 N. Y. S. 540 ; White v. Holmes, 89 Fla. 251, 103 So. 623 ; Blashfield's Cyclopedia of Automobile Law, p. 2802.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed. 1933, p. 622

DRIVER.   One employed in conducting or operating a coach, carriage, wagon, or other vehicle, with horses, mules, or other animals, or a bicycle, tricycle, or motor car, though not a street railroad car.   A person actually doing driving, whether employed by owner to drive or driving his own vehicle.  Wallace v. Woods, 340 Mo. 452, 102 S.W.2d 91, 97.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. 1951, p. 585

DRIVE-IT-YOURSELF CARS.   A term used to describe automobiles which their owners, as a regular business, rent out for hire without furnishing drivers. City of Rockford v. Nolan, 316 Ill. 60, 146 N. E. 564. See, also, Welch v. Hartnett, 127 Misc. 221, 215 N. Y. S. 540 ; White v. Holmes, 89 Fla. 251, 103 So. 623 ; Blashfield's Cyclopedia of Automobile Law, p. 2802.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed. 1933, p. 622

INTERSTATE COMMERCE.  Traffic, intercourse, commercial trading, or the transportation of persons  or property between or among the several states of the Union, or from between points in one state and  points in another state; commerce between the states, or between places in different states. It comprehends all the component parts of commercial intercourse between different states.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p. 955

PASSENGER.  A person whom a common carrier has contracted to carry from place to another, and has in the course of the performance of that contract, received under his care either upon the means of conveyance, or at the point of departure of that means of conveyance.  96 Pa. St. 267.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 1st Ed. 1891, p. 877

PASSENGER.  A person whom a common carrier has contracted to carry from place to another, and has in the course of the performance of that contract, received under his care either upon the means of conveyance, or at the point of departure of that means of conveyance. Bricker v. Philadelphia &: R. R. Co., 132 Pa. 1, 18 Atl. 983, 19 Am. St. Rep. 585, Schepers v. Union Depot R. Co., 126 Mo. 665, 29 S. W. 712; Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Price, 96 Pa. 250; The Main v. Williams, 152 U. S. 122, 14 Sup. Ct. 486, 38 L. Ed. 381; Norfolk & W. R. Co. v. Tanner, 100 Va. 379, 41 S. E. 721.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd Ed., p. 879 - 880

PASSENGER.  A person whom a common carrier has contracted to carry from one place to another, and has, in the course of the performance of that contract, received under his care either upon the means of conveyance, or at the point of departure of that means of conveyance. Bricker v. Philadelphia & R. R. Co., 132 Pa. 1, 18 A. 983, 19 Am.St. Rep. 585; Schepers v. Union Depot R. Co., 126 Mo. 665, 29 S.W. 712; Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Price, 96 Pa. 256; The Main v. Williams, 14 S.Ct. 486, 152 U.S. 122, 38 L.Ed. 381; Horne v. Southern Ry. Co., 186 S.C. 525, 197 S.E. 31, 35, 116 A.L.R. 745.
       
One carried for hire, or reward, as distinguished from a "guest" who is one carried gratuitously, that is, without any financial return except such slight benefit as is customary as part of the ordinary courtesy of the road. Duncan v. Hutchinson, 139 Ohio St. 185, 39 N.E.2d 140, 142.
Black’s Law Dictionary. 4th Ed., 1951, p. 1280

PASSENGER, n. One who is traveling, as in a public coach, or in a ship,...
Webster’s Dictionary 1828

Traffic.  1. Business or trade, commerce. 2. Transportation. 3. The movement of vehicles on street or highway, as, the traffic is very heavy today.
Webster's Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia, International Illustrated Edition (1960)

Traffic.  Commerce; trade; sale or exchange of merchandise, bills, money, and the like. The passing of goods or commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money. Senior v. Ratterman, 44 Ohio St. 673, 11 N.E. 321; People v. Horan, 293 Ill. 314, 127 N.E. 673, 674; People v. Dunford, 207 N.Y. 17, 100 N.E. 433, 434; Fine v. Morgan, 74 Fla. 417, 77 So. 533, 538; Bruno v. U. S. (C.C.A.) 289 F. 649, 655.
   
Traffic includes the ordinary uses of the streets and highways by travelers. Stewart v. Hugh Nawn Contracting Co., 223 Mass. 525, 112 N.E. 218, 219; Withey v. Fowler Co., 164 Iowa, 377, 145 N.W. 923, 927.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed. 1933

TRAFFIC.  Commerce; trade; sale or exchange of merchandise, bills, money, and the like.  The passing of  goods or commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money.  Senior v. Ratterman,  44 Ohio St. 673, 11 N.E. 321; Fine v. Moran, 74 Fla. 417, 77 So. 533, 538; Bruno v. U.S., C.C.A.Mass., 289 F.  649, 655; Kroger Grocery and Baking Co. V. Schwer, 36 Ohio App. 512, 173 N.E. 633.  The subjects of transportation on a route, as persons or goods; the passing to and fro of persons, animals, vehicles, or  vessels, along a route of transportation, as a long a street, canal etc.  United States v. Golden Gate Bridge  and Highway Dist. of California , D.C.Cal., 37 F. Supp. 505, 512.
Black’s Law Dictionary. 4th Ed., p. 1667

Traffic.   Commerce, trade, sale or exchange of merchandise, bills, money and the like.
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856

Traffic.  Commerce; trade; sale or exchange of merchandise, bills, money, and the like. The passing or exchange of goods or commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods and money. The subjects of transportation on a route, as persons or goods; the passing to and fro of persons, animals, vegetables, or vessels, along a route of transportation, as along a street, highway, etc.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Ed.

Transportation.  1. The act or business of moving passengers and goods. 2. The means of conveyance used. 3. Banishment, esp. of convicts to a penal colony.
Webster's Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia, International Illustrated Edition (1960)

Transportation.  punishment. In the English law, this punishment is inflicted by virtue of sundry statutes; it was unknown to the common law. 2 H. Bl. 223. It is a part of the judgment or sentence of the court, that the party shall be transported or sent into exile. 1 Ch. Cr. Law, 789 to 796: Princ. of Pen. Law, c. 42.
Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 1856

Transportation.  The removal of goods or persons from one place to another, by a carrier. See Railroad Co. v. Pratt, 22 Wall. 133, 22 L.Ed. 827; Interstate Commerce Com'n v. Brimson, 154 U.S. 447, 14 Sup.Ct. 1125, 38 L.Ed. 1047; Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U.S. 196, 5 Sup.Ct. 826, 29 L.Ed. 158.
   
Under Interstate Commerce Act, (49 USCA sec. 1 et seq.), "transportation" includes the entire body of services rendered by a carrier in connection with the receipt, handling, and delivery of property transported, and includes the furnishing of cars. Pletcher v. Chicago, R. L. & P. Ry. Co., 103 Kan. 834, 177 P. 1, 2.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed. 1933

TRANSPORTATION.  The removal of goods or persons from one place to another, by a carrier. Railroad  Co. v. Pratt, 22 Wall. 133, 22 L.Ed. 827; Interstate Commerce Com’n v. Brimson, 14 S.Ct. 1125, 154 U.S.  447, 38 L.Ed. 1047; Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 5 S.Ct. 826, 114 U.S. 196, 29 L.Ed. 158
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., 1951, p. 1670

Transportation.  The movement of goods or persons from one place to another, by a carrier.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Ed.

Transportation.  "transports" or "transportation" means the movement of property and loading, unloading, or storage incidental to the movement.
Title 49 U.S.C. § 5102(12)

Transportation - Words and Phrases

    See State v. Western Trans Co. (1950, Iowa) 43 N.W.2d 739 [The judge, after giving his conclusion, goes on to give examples of "transportation" - all involving the movement of persons or goods for hire.]
   
Automobile:  'An "automobile" is a motor vehicle.' Jernigan v. Hanover Fire Ins. Co. of N.Y., 60 S.E.2d 847, 848, 235 N.C. 334. [Words & Phrases, Automobiles, pg. 640] 'The word "automobile" in Motor Vehicle Act * * * requiring highest degree of care in operation * * *; such requirement being in derogation of common law, and therefore to be strictly construed…' Walinitz v. Werner, Mo.App., 241 S.W. 668, 669. [Words & Phrases, Automobiles, pg. 645] 'The term "automobile" is the general name which has been adopted by popular use and approval, for all forms of self-propelling vehicles for use on highways and streets for general freight and passenger service.' Life & Casualty Service ins. Co. of Tennessee v. Roland, 165 S.E. 293, 294, 45 Ga.App. 467. [Words & Phrases, Automobiles, pg. 648]


freight

Also found in: Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
freight  (frāt)

n.

    1. Goods carried by a vessel or vehicle, especially by a commercial carrier; cargo.
   
    2. A burden; a load.
   
    3.
        a. Commercial transportation of goods.
        b. The charge for transporting goods. Also called freightage.

    4. A railway train carrying goods only.

tr.v. freight·ed, freight·ing, freights

1. To convey commercially as cargo.

2. To load with goods to be transported.

[Middle English fraught, freight, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German vracht, vrecht; see aik- in Indo-European roots.]
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

freight (freɪt)

n
1. (Commerce)

    a. commercial transport that is slower and cheaper than express
    b. the price charged for such transport
    c. goods transported by this means
    d. (as modifier): freight transport.

2. (Commerce) chiefly Brit a ship's cargo or part of it

vb (tr)

3. (Commerce) to load with goods for transport

4. (Commerce) chiefly US and Canadian to convey commercially as or by freight
5. to load or burden; charge
[C16: from Middle Dutch vrecht; related to French fret, Spanish flete, Portuguese frete]
ˈfreightless adj
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

freight (freɪt)

n.

1. goods, cargo, or lading transported for pay.

2. the ordinary means of transport of goods provided by common carriers.

3. the charges for such transportation.

4. freight train.

5. Slang. cost; price.

v.t.

6. to load; burden.

7. to load with goods or merchandise for transportation.

8. to transport as freight.
[1350–1400; < Middle Dutch or Middle Low German vrecht]
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

freight

Past participle: freighted
Gerund: freighting

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/freight

COMMERCE = TRAN$PORT = COMMERCE = TRAN$PORTATION = BU$INE$$ = TRAFFIC = COMMERCE

CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Title 49, Volume 4, Parts 200 to 399

Revised as of October 1, 1999
      
Page 859 - 865
 
TITLE 49 -- TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER III -- FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION,

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
 
PART 390 -- FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS; GENERAL

 Subpart A -- General Applicability and Definitions

Sec. 390.5  Definitions.

    Driver means any person who operates any commercial motor vehicle.

    Interstate commerce means trade, traffic, or transportation in the United States--
   
        (1) Between a place in a State and a place outside of such State (including a place outside of the United States);
        (2) Between two places in a State through another State or a place outside of the United States; or
        (3) Between two places in a State as part of trade, traffic, or transportation
   
    Intrastate commerce means any trade, traffic, or transportation in any State which is not described in the term ``interstate commerce.''
   
    Motor vehicle means any vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used upon the highways in the transportation of passengers or property,

    Operator -- See driver.

    One  who drives an automobile is an operator within meaning of the Motor Vehicle Act.
   
While, as pointed out in Bosse v. Marye, supra, one may be an operator of an automobile within the meaning of the Motor Vehicle Act without actually driving the same, on the other hand, under the definition applying under the terms of the act, one who actually drives the machine is an operator. (Sec. 18 of Motor Vehicle Act; Stats. 1923, p. 519.)
HELEN I. PONTIUS v. G. T. McLAIN et al. (1931), 113 Cal. App. 452, Civ. No. 350, COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

TITLE 18, UNITED STATES CODE, SEC. 31

PART I - CRIMES

CHAPTER 2 - AIRCRAFT AND MOTOR VEHICLES

Sec. 31. Definitions

When used in this chapter the term  - 

''Motor vehicle'' means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo.   ''Used for commercial purposes'' means the carriage of persons or property for any fare, fee, rate, charge or other consideration, or directly or indirectly in connection with any business, or other undertaking intended for profit;

CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODE

Section 15210(p)(8):   In the absence of a federal definition, existing definitions under this code shall apply.

WEST’S ANNOTATED

COMMERCIAL CODE

© 1990

    §9109.  Classification of Goods:“Consumer goods”;  “Equipment”; “Farm Products”; “Inventory”                               
   
    Goods are

            (1)  “Consumer goods” if they are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family or household purposes;
          
            (2) “Equipment” if they are used or bought for the use primarily in business (including farming or a profession) or by a debtor who is a nonprofit organization or a government subdivision or agency or if the goods are not included in the definitions of inventory, farm products, or consumer goods.

California Code Comment

By John A. Bohn and Charles J. Williams

    Prior California Law   

            1.  The classification of goods in this section is new statutory law.  The significance of this classification is described in Official Comment 1.
          
            Although goods cannot belong to more than one category at any time, they may change their classification depending upon who holds them and for what reason.  Each classification is mutually exclusive but the four classifications described are intended to include all goods.
            Official Comment 2.

CIVIL CODE
PART 3.  PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY
TITLE 1.  PERSONAL PROPERTY IN GENERAL

    1689.5.  As used in Sections 1689.6 to 1689.11, inclusive, and in Section 1689.14:
   
            (c) "Goods" means tangible chattels bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, including certificates or coupons exchangeable for these goods, and including goods that, at the time of the sale or subsequently, are to be so affixed to real property as to become a part of the real property whether or not severable therefrom, but does not include any vehicle required to be registered under the Vehicle Code,

CIVIL CODE

    1791.  As used in this chapter:

        (a) "Consumer goods" means any new product or part thereof that is used, bought, or leased for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, except for clothing and consumables. "Consumer goods" shall include new and used assistive devices sold at retail.

Code of Civil Procedure

    481.100.  "Equipment" means tangible personal property in the possession of the defendant and used or bought for use primarily in the defendant's trade, business, or profession if it is not included in the definitions of inventory or farm products.   

“Automobile owned by individual not in business is ‘consumer goods’”. 
In re Rave, 7 UCC rep. Serv 258.
   
“An automobile purchased for personal and family use was ‘consumer goods’”. 
Bank of Boston v. Jones, 4 UCC Rep. Serv. 1021, 236 A.2d. 484

“The use of an automobile by its owner for purposes of traveling to and from his work is a personal, as opposed to a business use as that term is defined in the California Commercial Code 9109(1), and the automobile will be classified as ‘consumer goods’ rather than equipment.  The phraseology of §9102(2) defining goods used or bought for use primarily in business seems to contemplate a distinction between the collateral automobile ‘in business’ and the mere use of the collateral automobile for some commercial, economic or income producing purpose by one not engaged in ‘business’”.
In re Barnes, 11 USS rep. Serv. 697 (1972)                   
   
“So long as one uses his private property  for private purposes and does not devote it to the public use, the public has no interest in it and no voice in its control. 
Associated Pipe v. Railroad Commission, 176 Cal. 518.

“Under the UCC §9-109 there is a real distinction between goods purchased for personal use and those purchase for business use.  The two are mutually exclusive and the principal use to which the property is put should be considered as determinitive”.
James Talcott, Inc. v. Gee, 5 UCC rep. Serv. 1028, 266 Cal.App.2d. 384, 72 Cal..Reptr. (1968).

“The use to which an item is put rather than its physical characteristics determine whether it should be classified as ‘consumer goods’ under UCC §9-109(1) or ‘equipment’ under UCC §9-109(2)”. 
Grimes v. Massey Ferguson, Inc., 23 UCC Rep. Serv. 655, 355 So. 2d. 338 (Ala., 1978)
   
“The classification of goods in UCC §9-109 are mutually exclusive”. 
McFadden v. Mercantile-Safe Deposit & Trust Co., 8 UCC Rep. Serv. 766, 260 Md. 601, 273, A.2d. 198 (1971)
   
“The term ‘household goods’ includes everything about the house that is usually held and enjoyed therewith and that tends to the comfort and accommodation of the household”. 
Lawwill v. Lawwill, 515 P.2d. 900, 903, 21 Ariz.App.75 , 19A Words and Phrases - Permanent Edition (West) pocket part 94.
                   
“Automobile purchased for the purpose of transporting buyer to and from his place of employment was ‘consumer goods’ as defined in UCC §9-109". 
Mallicoat v. Volunteer Finance & Loan Corp., 3 UCC Rep. Serv.  1035, 415 S.W.2d. 347 (Tenn.App., 1966)   
   
“A carriage is peculiarly a family or household article.  It contributes in a large degree to the health, convenience, comfort and welfare of the householder or of the family”. 
Arthur v. Morgan., 113 U.S. 495, 500, 5 S.Ct. 241, 243 (S.D.Ny 1884)

Personal liberty, which is guaranteed to every citizen under our constitution and laws, consists of the right to locomotion, - to go where one pleases, and when, and to do that which may lead to one's business or pleasure, only restrained as the rights to others may make it necessary for the welfare of all other citizens.   One may travel along the public highways or in public places; and while conducting themselves in a decent and orderly manner, disturbing no other, and interfering with the rights of no other citizens, there, they will be protected under law, not only their persons, but in their safe conduct.  The constitution and the laws are framed for the public good, and the protection of all citizens from the highest to the lowest; and no one may be restrained of his liberty, unless he transgressed some law.   Any law which would place the keeping and safe conduct of another in the hands of even a conservator of the peace, unless for some breach of the peace committed in his presence, or upon suspicion of felony, would be most oppressive and unjust, and destroy all rights which our constitution guarantees.
Pinkerton v. Verberg (1979), 99 S.Ct. 2627

"In all the states, from the beginning down to the adoption of the Articles of Confederation, the citizens thereof possessed the fundamental right, inherent in citizens of all free governments, peacefully to dwell within the limits of their respective states, to move at will from place to place therein, and to have free ingress thereto and egress therefrom with a consequent authority in the states to forbid and punish violations of this fundamental right."
United States v. Wheeler (1920) 254 U.S. 281
   
"It would be meaningless to describe the right to travel between states as a fundamental precept of [97 Cal.App.3d 149] personal liberty and not to acknowledge a correlative constitutional right to travel within a state."
King v. New Rochelle Municipal Housing Authority (2d Cir. 1971) 442 F.2d 646

Gee, I wonder where they got the idea for a license?

You have my permission.

CAROOME.  In English law.   A license by the lord mayor of London to keep a cart.

That's his DRIVER LICENSE